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135 medical information articles, reviewed by Dr Olivier Kadoch.

GynaecologyFemale reproductive anatomy and physiologyThe uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina, vulva and pelvic floor explained with anatomical illustrations, then how the hormonal cycle works and how it changes through life.MenopauseVaginal dryness: causes, symptoms and treatmentVaginal dryness: causes (menopause, breastfeeding, medication), symptoms, diagnosis and recommended treatments, from lubricants to local oestrogen.FertilityOvarian reserve: what it means, how it is tested (AMH, AFC) and what it means for fertilityOvarian reserve: what AMH, FSH and antral follicle count measure, and what they do (and do not) predict about fertility and IVF.Surgery and testsPelvic organ prolapse: symptoms and treatmentPelvic organ prolapse: types, symptoms, examination, pelvic floor exercises, pessary, surgery and recovery, explained by a gynaecologist.GynaecologyDyspareunia: pain during sex, causes and treatmentSuperficial or deep pain during sex: causes (dryness, infection, vaginismus, endometriosis), useful tests and treatment tailored to each cause.PregnancyHigh blood pressure in pregnancy and pre-eclampsiaHigh blood pressure in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: definitions, warning signs, risks, treatment, monitoring and prevention with aspirin.PregnancyGestational diabetes and diabetes in pregnancy: screening and careGestational diabetes or diabetes known before pregnancy: screening in France, risks, treatment, monitoring, birth and follow-up afterwards.PregnancyBleeding in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy: causes and emergenciesBleeding in the second or third trimester: placenta praevia, placental abruption, other causes, what to do and when to go to the emergency department.Cancer careHPV vaccine (human papillomavirus): age, doses, effectiveness and limitsHPV vaccine: at what age, how many doses, catch-up, protection against cervical cancer and why cervical screening is still essential.ContraceptionTubal ligation (female sterilisation): eligibility and techniquesTubal ligation in France: the legal 4-month waiting period, techniques (clips, salpingectomy), effectiveness, regret and alternatives.FertilityCouple infertility: which tests after a year of trying to conceive?Couple infertility: when to see a doctor (1 year, or 6 months from age 35), which tests for women and men, the main causes and treatments.PregnancyDown syndrome (trisomy 21): prenatal screening and risk by maternal ageDown syndrome in pregnancy: risk by maternal age, first-trimester combined screening, cell-free DNA testing (NIPT) and amniocentesis in France.GynaecologyHeavy periods and bleeding between periods: causes and treatmentsHeavy periods or bleeding between periods: causes (fibroids, polyps, adenomyosis, hormones), tests, warning signs and treatment options.PregnancyTermination of pregnancy for medical reasons (IMG): indications and procedureTermination of pregnancy for medical reasons (IMG) in France: legal framework, role of the CPDPN, foetal and maternal reasons, procedure and support.Surgery and testsSaline infusion sonography (hysterosonography): procedure, uses and preparationSaline infusion sonography: how the test is done, what it is for (polyp, fibroid, adhesions, infertility), how to prepare and its limitations.FertilityIn vitro fertilisation (IVF): process, steps and treatmentIVF step by step: ovarian stimulation, egg collection, fertilisation (conventional IVF or ICSI), embryo transfer, pregnancy test and risks.Breast healthBreast cancer: symptoms, screening and treatmentBreast cancer: warning signs, French mammography screening from 50 to 74, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, explained by a gynaecologist.Cancer careOvarian cancer: symptoms, tests and treatmentOvarian cancer: warning symptoms, diagnostic tests, surgery, chemotherapy, maintenance treatment and the role of BRCA genetic testing.Cancer careEndometrial (womb) cancer: symptoms, diagnosis and treatmentEndometrial cancer: postmenopausal bleeding, ultrasound, biopsy, MRI, surgery with sentinel node, molecular classification and follow-up.Cancer careCervical cancer: symptoms, screening and treatmentCervical cancer: the role of HPV, screening from 25 to 65 in France (smear then HPV test), symptoms, MRI staging, surgery and chemoradiotherapy.PregnancyChickenpox in pregnancy: risks, what to do and treatmentChickenpox in pregnancy: risks for mother and baby by stage of pregnancy, what to do after contact, treatment and prevention through vaccination.PregnancyMental health problems during pregnancy and after birthAnxiety, antenatal depression, baby blues, postnatal depression, postpartum psychosis: signs, risk factors, where to get help and emergencies.PregnancyKleihauer test in pregnancy: how it works, when it is used, resultsKleihauer test: a blood test measuring how much of the baby's blood has passed to the mother. How it works, uses, rhesus negative, results, limits.PregnancySkin problems and specific skin conditions of pregnancyPregnancy mask, stretch marks, itching: normal skin changes in pregnancy and the specific skin conditions of pregnancy, including cholestasis.PregnancyToxoplasmosis and pregnancy: prevention, screening and treatmentToxoplasmosis and pregnancy: blood test, hygiene and cooking rules, monthly testing in France if you are not immune, treatment if infected.PregnancyFirst pregnancy appointment: what happens and which testsFirst pregnancy appointment: when to book, what you will be asked, examination, blood tests, first-trimester scan and declaring your pregnancy in France.PregnancyPremature birth: definition, degrees, causes and risk factorsPremature birth before 37 weeks: degrees of prematurity, spontaneous or medical causes, risk factors, prevention and the warning signs to act on.PregnancyRubella in pregnancy: risks, blood tests and managementRubella in pregnancy: risks to the baby by stage of pregnancy, understanding your blood test, what to do after contact, and vaccination.PregnancyGroup B strep in pregnancy: screening, risks and antibioticsGroup B strep in pregnancy: vaginal swab between 34 and 38 weeks, risks for the newborn and antibiotics during labour.PregnancyCytomegalovirus (CMV) in pregnancy: risks, testing, preventionCytomegalovirus in pregnancy: transmission to the baby, possible long-term effects (hearing loss), blood tests, valaciclovir and hygiene measures.PregnancyRhesus incompatibility in pregnancy: risks and preventionRhesus negative in pregnancy: red cell alloimmunisation, antibody screening, foetal RhD testing, anti-D injection at 28 weeks and after the birth.PregnancyGenital herpes in pregnancy: risks, prevention and birthGenital herpes in pregnancy: risk of neonatal herpes, antiviral treatment, prevention from 36 weeks and choosing how to give birth.PregnancyAntenatal care in France: appointments, scans and tests month by monthAntenatal care for a normal pregnancy in France: 7 appointments, 3 scans, blood tests and vaccines, with the schedule in weeks of pregnancy.PregnancyTwin pregnancy: types of twins, risks and antenatal careTwin pregnancy: identical and non-identical twins, chorionicity, risks (preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, twin-to-twin transfusion), monitoring and birth.PregnancyEctopic pregnancy: symptoms, diagnosis and treatmentEctopic pregnancy: warning signs, hCG blood tests and ultrasound, watchful waiting, methotrexate or laparoscopy, and fertility after an ectopic pregnancy.PregnancySickle cell disease and pregnancy: risks, planning and medical careSickle cell disease and pregnancy: risks for mother and baby, planning, genetic counselling, obstetric and haematology care, crises and birth.PregnancyBack, pelvic and joint pain during pregnancyBack pain, pelvic girdle pain and carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy: causes, relief and the warning signs that mean you should be seen quickly.PregnancyPrenatal diagnosis: screening, NIPT, amniocentesis and CVSPrenatal diagnosis: screening versus diagnosis, scans, combined screening, NIPT, chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, and their real risks.Childbirth and postpartumOverdue pregnancy: definition, risks and careOverdue pregnancy: when it starts, the risks for the baby, monitoring after 41 weeks and when to induce labour. Benchmarks from French guidelines.Childbirth and postpartumDelivery of the placenta and postpartum haemorrhage: what you need to knowDelivery of the placenta: what is normal, postpartum haemorrhage (500 ml or more), prevention with oxytocin and treatment according to French guidelines.PregnancyDiet during pregnancy: nutritional needs and useful supplementsEating well during pregnancy: folic acid, iron, vitamin D, iodine, foods to avoid and recommended weight gain.Childbirth and postpartumBreastfeeding: benefits, common problems and how they are treatedBreastfeeding benefits for baby and mother, cracked nipples, engorgement, mastitis, breast abscess, and what to do if you choose not to breastfeed.Childbirth and postpartumVaginal birth: stages of labour, key terms and monitoringVaginal birth explained: stages of labour, cervical dilation, pushing, delivery of the placenta, monitoring your baby and the key terms to know.PregnancyNausea and vomiting in pregnancy: causes, relief and warning signsNausea and vomiting in the first trimester: how long it lasts, practical tips, medicines that are safe in pregnancy, and hyperemesis gravidarum.PregnancyEarly pregnancy: how can I tell if my baby is OK?Positive test: first check-ups, dating scan, screening tests offered, reassuring signs and warning signs in early pregnancy.PregnancyBreast pain during pregnancy: causes, relief and warning signsSore breasts in pregnancy: why it happens, how to ease it, leaking milk, and when to see a doctor (redness, fever, a lump that does not go away).PregnancyFever during pregnancy: is it dangerous for my baby?Fever in pregnancy: common causes, real risks for the baby, paracetamol, tests, and the signs that mean you should seek urgent care.PregnancyItching during pregnancy: when to worry and what to doItching in pregnancy: harmless causes, obstetric cholestasis, pregnancy skin conditions, useful tests and the signs that mean you should see a doctor.PregnancyBleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy: causes and what to doBleeding in the first trimester: causes (miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, cervix), tests, what to do and the signs that need urgent care.PregnancyFollow-up after a miscarriage treated with medication or suctionFollow-up after a miscarriage treated with medication or suction: normal bleeding, check-up, ultrasound, hCG test, rhesus status and trying again.PregnancyVaccines in pregnancy: which ones are recommended, and when?Vaccines in pregnancy: flu, whooping cough, COVID-19, RSV, timing in weeks, vaccines to avoid, and what to do after an accidental vaccination.PregnancyMedicines in pregnancy: risks to the baby and precautionsMedicines during pregnancy: risks by stage, anti-inflammatories, long-term treatments, self-medication, herbal products and reliable sources.Childbirth and postpartumBreast pain while breastfeeding: causes and what to doBreast pain while breastfeeding: cracked nipples, engorgement, blocked duct, mastitis, abscess. Find the cause, ease the pain and know when to seek care.Childbirth and postpartumPersistent bleeding after giving birth: causes and what to doBleeding after birth: normal lochia, first period, retained placenta, endometritis. Warning signs, tests and treatments.Childbirth and postpartumAbdominal pain after giving birth: causes and what to doAbdominal pain after giving birth: afterpains, infection, retained placenta, caesarean scar, blood clots. Warning signs and tests.Childbirth and postpartumFever after giving birth: possible causes and when to seek careFever after birth: endometritis, urinary infection, mastitis, wound infection, blood clots. Warning signs, tests and postpartum treatment.GynaecologyPuberty in girls: normal development and delayed pubertyPuberty in girls: typical ages, Tanner stages, early puberty, delayed puberty, tests and treatments. When should you see a doctor?ContraceptionMorning-after pill and emergency contraception: time limits and effectivenessMorning-after pill (levonorgestrel, ulipristal) and copper IUD: time limits, effectiveness, free access in France, pregnancy testing and next steps.GynaecologyVaginal discharge: causes, symptoms and when to see a doctorNormal or abnormal vaginal discharge: thrush, bacterial vaginosis, STIs, warning signs and treatment. When should you see a doctor about discharge?MenopauseStress urinary incontinence after the menopause: causes and solutionsLeaking urine when coughing or exercising after the menopause: causes, tests, pelvic floor training, vaginal oestrogen, mid-urethral sling and its risks.Breast healthFibrocystic breasts: breast pain and benign fibrocystic changesFibrocystic breasts: causes, symptoms, tests, the real link with breast cancer and treatments to relieve breast pain.Cancer carePrecancerous cervical lesions (dysplasia, CIN): what happens next?Cervical dysplasia: what CIN 1, CIN 2 and CIN 3 results mean, monitoring or cone biopsy (LLETZ), and follow-up with HPV testing.GynaecologyBenign ovarian cysts: symptoms, diagnosis and treatmentFunctional or organic ovarian cyst: symptoms, ultrasound, MRI, monitoring or keyhole surgery, and emergency signs such as ovarian torsion.ContraceptionAbortion in France: legal time limits, methods, procedure and aftercareAbortion in France: allowed up to 14 weeks of pregnancy (16 weeks since last period), medical or surgical method, steps, full coverage and follow-up.GynaecologyUrinary tract infections in women: symptoms, diagnosis and treatmentCystitis, kidney infection, UTI in pregnancy: symptoms, dipstick, urine culture, antibiotics, preventing recurrence and emergency warning signs.GynaecologyChlamydia in women: symptoms, risks and treatmentChlamydia often causes no symptoms. Who should be tested, the risks to fertility, antibiotic treatment and why your partner needs treating too.GynaecologyAcute salpingitis: symptoms, treatment and risks to fertilitySalpingitis (pelvic inflammatory disease): causes, symptoms, tests, recommended antibiotics, abscess, effects on fertility and follow-up.GynaecologyThe menstrual cycle: understanding periods, ovulation and hormonesThe menstrual cycle explained: phases, the roles of FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone, when you ovulate, your fertile window and abnormal cycles.ContraceptionContraception methods: effectiveness, benefits and practical advicePill, IUD, implant, patch, ring, condoms: real-life effectiveness of each contraceptive method, who should avoid them, and what to do if you miss a pill.GynaecologyWhat happens at a gynaecologist appointment?Questions, examination, smear test, ultrasound, next steps: what happens at a gynaecologist appointment and how to prepare for it.GynaecologyPelvic pain in women: causes, tests and treatmentSudden, cyclical or chronic lower abdominal pain: gynaecological and other causes, the role of endometriosis, tests and warning signs.ContraceptionThe IUD (coil): copper or hormonal, fitting and who should avoid itCopper or hormonal IUD: how it works, how long it lasts, fitting, who should avoid it, side effects and the warning signs to watch for.Breast healthBreast lump: what to do and which tests you needBreast lump: the most common benign causes, warning signs, tests (ultrasound, mammogram, biopsy) and how soon to see a doctor.FertilityFailed IVF: what are the options if you have never been pregnant?After several failed IVF cycles: reviewing tests, implantation failure, egg or sperm donation, embryo donation, adoption or stopping treatment.MenopauseBleeding after menopause: possible causes and testsBleeding after menopause: why to see a doctor quickly, causes (atrophy, polyp, HRT, endometrial cancer), ultrasound, biopsy and hysteroscopy.GynaecologyPainful or irregular periods: causes and treatmentsPainful periods or irregular cycles: endometriosis, adenomyosis, PCOS, thyroid, stress. Useful tests, treatments and when to see a doctor.Childbirth and postpartumUrinary and anal leakage after childbirth: causes and treatmentsUrinary or anal leakage after giving birth: why it happens, when pelvic floor rehabilitation helps, which treatments exist and when to see a doctor.PregnancyMiscarriage and stillbirth: understanding and getting supportEarly or late miscarriage, stillbirth: definitions, causes, tests offered, practical steps in France, support through grief and the next pregnancy.MenopauseMenopause hormone therapy (HRT): do you really need it?Menopausal hormone therapy (HRT): who it is for, benefits, risks (breast, blood clots), contraindications, duration and alternatives. Up-to-date guidance.Cancer careFollow-up after uterine cancer (cervix or endometrium): schedule and adviceFollow-up after cervical or endometrial cancer: how often to be seen, useful tests, late effects, menopause, sexuality and warning signs.Breast healthFollow-up after breast cancer: tests, precautions and lifestyle adviceFollow-up after breast cancer: check-up schedule, yearly mammogram, hormone therapy, lymphoedema, contraception, pregnancy and daily life.FertilityUnexplained infertility: what next when all the tests are normal?Unexplained infertility: normal tests but no pregnancy. Natural chances, the role of age, IUI with ovarian stimulation and IVF explained.ContraceptionWhich contraception should I choose after having a baby?Contraception after giving birth, while breastfeeding or when your family is complete: timing, suitable methods, coil, implant, sterilisation.GynaecologyVulvar itching: causes of intimate itching and what to doItchy vulva: thrush, irritation, eczema, lichen sclerosus, rarer lesions. Tests, treatments, daily hygiene and when to see a doctor.MenopauseHot flushes: what can I do if I am worried about hormones?Menopausal hot flushes without hormones: treatments proven to work, those that do not, and the real place of hormone replacement therapy (HRT).FertilitySemen analysis: how it works, normal values (WHO 2021) and resultsSemen analysis: preparation, sample collection, WHO 2021 reference values (volume, count, motility, morphology), interpreting results and next tests.Breast healthMammogram: purpose, procedure and what changes with ageMammogram: what it is for, what happens, screening every 2 years from 50 to 74 in France, breast density and BI-RADS results explained.Surgery and testsPelvic MRI in gynaecology: when it is used, what happens, limitationsPelvic MRI in gynaecology: when it helps (endometriosis, ovarian cysts, fibroids, cancer), how to prepare, what happens and its limitations.Surgery and testsDiagnostic hysteroscopy: how it works, when it is used, what happensDiagnostic hysteroscopy: how it works, indications (bleeding, infertility, miscarriages), contraindications, preparation, pain and recovery.FertilityHysterosalpingogram (HSG): procedure, indications and painHysterosalpingogram (HSG): what this fallopian tube X-ray shows, when to have it, how it is done, pain, risks and alternatives such as HyFoSy.Cancer careCervical smear and HPV test: purpose, procedure, resultsCervical smear test: at what age and how often, smear or HPV test, what happens during the test and how to understand ASC-US, LSIL or HSIL results.Surgery and testsPelvic ultrasound in gynaecology: technique and indicationsPelvic ultrasound: transvaginal or abdominal scan, preparation, what happens, indications (ovaries, womb, fibroids, IVF) and limits of the test.Cancer careColposcopy: why it is done, what happens and what the results meanColposcopy after an abnormal smear or positive HPV test: what happens, pain, biopsy, possible results and next steps. A simple in-office test.Surgery and testsGynaecological biopsies: cervix, endometrium, vulva, vaginaCervical, endometrial, vulval or vaginal biopsy: what it is for, what happens, preparation, pain, results and warning signs afterwards.Surgery and testsUrodynamic testing: procedure, preparation and aftercareUrodynamic testing in women: what it is for, how to prepare, the steps (uroflowmetry, cystometry), what the results show and what happens next.Surgery and testsHysterectomy: reasons, surgical approaches, recovery and risksHysterectomy: why the womb is removed, types, vaginal, keyhole or open surgery, ovaries, recovery, risks and life after the operation.Childbirth and postpartumEpisiotomy: definition, current indications and recoveryEpisiotomy: French CNGOF guidelines, when it may be offered, consent, healing, pain and warning signs after birth.Cancer careCervical cone biopsy (conisation): why it is done, the procedure and recoveryCervical cone biopsy (LEEP): why it is done, the procedure, bleeding, when to resume sex, pregnancy afterwards and HPV test follow-up.Surgery and testsGynaecological laparoscopy: indications, procedure and recoveryGynaecological laparoscopy: how it works, uses (cysts, endometriosis, ectopic pregnancy, fibroids), procedure, recovery, risks and warning signs.Surgery and testsSurgery for stress urinary incontinence in womenStress urinary incontinence: when to operate, TVT or TOT sling, results, recovery, risks and alternatives, explained by a gynaecologist.Childbirth and postpartumCaesarean section: reasons, procedure and recoveryPlanned or emergency caesarean section: reasons, anaesthesia, procedure, recovery, risks and vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC).Surgery and testsUterine aspiration (D&C): procedure, recovery and risksUterine aspiration (D&C) after miscarriage: reasons, alternatives, procedure, recovery, risks, rhesus prevention and warning signs.Childbirth and postpartumVaginal birth after a caesarean (VBAC)After a caesarean, a vaginal birth is possible in most cases: chances of success, risk of uterine rupture, contraindications and induction of labour.GynaecologyAdenomyosis: symptoms, diagnosis and treatmentsAdenomyosis: heavy and painful periods, diagnosis by ultrasound and MRI, hormonal IUD, hysterectomy, and what it means for fertility and pregnancy.FertilityEgg freezing: age limits, procedure and costsEgg freezing without a medical reason in France: legal age (29 to 37), stimulation, egg retrieval, chances of a baby, health insurance cover and storage fees.Surgery and testsEndometriosis surgery: indications, technique and recoveryEndometriosis surgery: when to operate, laparoscopy, excision of lesions, endometrioma, bowel involvement, risks, hospital stay and recovery period.FertilitySeptate uterus: diagnosis, miscarriage and septum resectionSeptate uterus: ESHRE/ESGE classification, 3D ultrasound, link with miscarriage and the results of the TRUST trial on hysteroscopic septum resection.Surgery and testsLaparoscopy or laparotomy: what are the differences?Laparoscopy or laparotomy: pain, hospital stay, complications, scars, and when open abdominal surgery is still necessary, according to the studies.PregnancyPreconception consultation: health check before pregnancyFolic acid, blood tests, vaccines, current treatments: what a preconception consultation covers, ideally planned before you stop contraception.Surgery and testsSecond surgical opinion in gynaecology: when and how?Hysterectomy, endometriosis, fibroids, cancer: when to ask for a second surgical opinion, which documents to bring and what your rights are as a patient.FertilityEndometriosis and fertility: surgery or IVF first?Endometriosis and wanting a baby: impact on fertility, endometrioma and AMH, surgery or IVF first (ESHRE 2022), fertility preservation, pregnancy.GynaecologyEndometriosis: symptoms, diagnosis and diagnostic delayEndometriosis: which symptoms should raise concern, which tests to have (ultrasound, MRI), the #Enzian classification and why diagnosis takes so long.GynaecologyEndometriosis: hormonal treatments and pain reliefMedical treatment of endometriosis: continuous pill, hormonal IUD, dienogest, GnRH agonists with add-back therapy, painkillers and follow-up.FertilityChronic endometritis: link with implantation failureChronic endometritis: diagnosis by biopsy and CD138, link with implantation failure in IVF, role of antibiotics and the limits of the evidence.Intimate surgeryFemale genital mutilation: consequences, support and careFemale genital mutilation (FGM): WHO types, health consequences, care pathway, protection of girls and management according to the French HAS guidelines.PregnancyFibroids and pregnancy: risks and managementFibroids and pregnancy: effect on fertility by FIGO type, miscarriage, red degeneration, birth, and should you have surgery before conceiving? An overview.GynaecologyUterine fibroids: symptoms, and when should they be treated?Uterine fibroids: symptoms, tests and when to treat. Monitoring, medical treatments (relugolix, IUD), embolisation or surgery according to the CNGOF.GynaecologyGynaecology and obstetrics glossary: SA, DPNI, FIGO, RCP…SA, DPNI, AMH, FIGO, PALM-COEIN, RCP, laparoscopy… Over 50 gynaecology and obstetrics terms and French acronyms explained simply, with links to our articles.Intimate surgeryEnlarged labia minora: when is it a medical problem?Long or asymmetrical labia minora: normal variation, signs of functional discomfort, simple measures, caution in adolescents, and when surgery is discussed.Surgery and testsHysterectomy or conservative treatment: what are the options?Fibroids, adenomyosis, heavy periods: what are the alternatives to hysterectomy? Hormonal IUD, endometrial ablation, myomectomy, embolisation compared.Surgery and testsAfter operative hysteroscopy: recovery, bleeding, getting back to normalRecovery after operative hysteroscopy: bleeding, pain, returning to work, sport and sex, warning signs and how long to wait before trying for a pregnancy.GynaecologyBartholin's gland cyst and abscess: what should you do?Bartholin's abscess: symptoms, cyst versus abscess, Word catheter or marsupialisation, recovery, recurrence, and when to seek urgent medical care.MenopauseMenopause: age, symptoms and diagnosisAt what age does menopause occur, what are its symptoms and how is it diagnosed? Why a blood test is rarely useful after the age of 45 years.GynaecologyRecurrent vaginal thrush: causes and treatmentsRecurrent vaginal thrush (4 or more episodes a year): causes, vaginal swab, fluconazole maintenance treatment, pregnancy and useful prevention measures.Surgery and testsMyomectomy: removing a fibroid while preserving the uterusMyomectomy: removing a fibroid without removing the uterus. FIGO classification, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy or laparotomy, bleeding, morcellation, pregnancy.Surgery and testsMyomectomy or embolisation for a fibroid: how to choose?Myomectomy or embolisation for a fibroid? Quality of life, repeat procedures, pregnancy, recovery: what the FEMME trial and the Cochrane review show.Intimate surgeryFunctional or cosmetic labiaplasty: what is the difference?Functional or cosmetic labiaplasty: reason for consulting, examination, legal framework, reimbursement, published data and points of caution, compared.Intimate surgeryLabiaplasty: Assurance maladie reimbursement and feesLabiaplasty in France: when national health insurance may cover it, what remains payable, mandatory quote, 15-day cooling-off period and top-up insurance.Intimate surgeryLabiaplasty: procedure, recovery and healingLabiaplasty: anaesthesia, techniques, local care, stages of healing, return to sport and intercourse, complications and warning signs to look out for.MenopauseOsteoporosis after the menopause: prevention and screeningWhy the menopause weakens bones, who should have a bone density scan, what is reimbursed in France, and the role of physical activity and treatments.Surgery and testsEndometrial polyp: symptoms, risk and removalEndometrial polyp: bleeding, link with fertility, risk of abnormal cells according to age and menopause, and removal by operative hysteroscopy explained.Intimate surgeryClitoral reconstruction: procedure, recovery and resultsClitoral reconstruction after FGM: technique, anaesthesia, healing, published results on pain and sexual function, and psychosexual follow-up explained.FertilityPCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome): diagnosis, fertility and treatmentsPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Rotterdam criteria, AMH, fertility and letrozole, metabolic risk, and treatments according to the 2023 guideline.FertilityUterine adhesions (Asherman's syndrome): causes and treatmentUterine adhesions (Asherman's syndrome): causes after curettage, absent periods, infertility, hysteroscopic treatment and prevention of recurrence.GynaecologyVaginismus: understanding and treating itVaginismus: involuntary tightening that prevents penetration. Causes, diagnosis, treatments (sex therapy, physiotherapy, dilators) and outcomes.GynaecologyBacterial vaginosis: symptoms, treatment, recurrenceBacterial vaginosis: discharge and odour, diagnosis, metronidazole, pregnancy, recurrence and treatment of the male partner (StepUp trial, 2025).
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